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Parties are born from splits, crises, and new cleavages. Some formed around revolutions, the American Democratic Republicans against the Federalists, ...

Party system shape predicts governance style. Two party systems, the US, produce broad coalitions before elections and policy stability with abrupt sw...

The US turned candidate selection over to voters through successive reforms, Wisconsin 1903 primaries, the 1972 McGovern reforms making both parties d...

Money is the party systems permanent problem. Models run from private donation dominance in the US, with contribution limits and super PAC workarounds...

The whip is the enforcer of parliamentary votes, a British invention the name from fox hunting. Westminster parties rank discipline, one line to three...

Parties are mortal. Birth from crisis or cleavage, growth by absorbing movements, maturity as machine or cartel, then adaptation or death. The Federal...